Energy and climate policy
Explore our work on European climate and energy policy and the economic policies required to drive the transition to a more sustainable growth model.
Adequately responding to climate change requires a profound transformation in the way we produce and consume energy, as well as a wider reorganisation of our economic model. The situation is further complicated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which triggered a major energy crisis in Europe and beyond. Bruegel fellows analyse European climate policy developments and the evolution of global climate governance, as well as data on energy flows.
Under the 2025-2026 research programme, Bruegel fellows focus on how tax policy can improve efficiency, competitiveness and climate, the design of the next Multiannual Financial Framework, green industrialisation for European competitiveness and security, and the development of functioning international carbon markets.
Energy
European natural gas imports
This dataset aggregates daily data on European natural gas import flows and storage levels.
Understanding the global clean tech manufacturing slowdown
2026 European energy crisis fiscal response tracker
This dataset provides an overview of the fiscal measures implemented by European governments to mitigate the 2026 energy shock in Europe
How Europe should respond to the Iran gas shock – and how it shouldn’t
The European Union should act now to head off growing impacts from the Iran conflict on gas prices and availability
Dependence on fossil fuels, not on the United States, is Europe’s worry
The US has replaced Russia to a great extent as an energy supplier to the European Union, but this has not so far created a new vulnerability
EU renewables value tracker
Europe and the Iran war
What does the conflict mean for inflation, oil prices, the economy and Ukraine?
Researchers
Maximilian Fuchs
Bruegel Affiliate Fellow
Heather Grabbe
Bruegel Senior Fellow
Alissa M. Kleinnijenhuis
Bruegel Non-resident Fellow
Jonathan D. Ostry
Bruegel Non-resident Fellow
Roberto Rossini
Energy and Climate Data Scientist
Alexander Roth
Bruegel Affiliate Fellow
Simone Tagliapietra
Bruegel Senior Fellow
Georg Zachmann
Bruegel Senior Fellow
Upcoming events
The coalition of the willing: a joint effort to fight climate change
Closed-door conference and public panel on International Climate Finance
Publications
Long-duration electricity storage needs for coping with Dunkelflaute events in Europe
Carbon pricing beyond borders: assessing climate policy spillovers from the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism
EU CBAM is nudging trade-exposed partners towards carbon pricing, but spillovers are concentrated in high and upper middle-income countries
Defragmenting European Union climate policy
Simplification without carbon price convergence risks deeper fragmentation, higher costs and weaker credibility for the EU’s climate target
A new European energy policy paradigm revealed by changes in hydrogen strategies
Better coordination for a more efficient European energy system
EU energy efficiency hinges on open data, integrated grid planning and aligned national plans as electrification raises the cost of fragmentation
Europe’s emissions trading system is an ally, not an enemy, of industrial competitiveness
The 2026 review of the EU ETS must be anchored in facts and focus on the potential benefits of the system to EU competitiveness
First glances
The Iran energy shock is a test of European discipline on state aid
The latest EU temporary state-aid framework is needed to shield industries and consumers from short-term costs, but should not become more permanent
The fiscal fault lines of Europe’s energy shock
European measures to address the latest energy crisis are ignoring past lessons and long-term goals
How to read the European Commission’s Iran crisis energy emergency plan
EU countries should coordinate measures to offset rising energy prices from the Iran conflict, while using the crisis to drive longer-term change
The European Union is exporting carbon pricing through trade
Early experience of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism shows trade can spread carbon pricing, but lower-income partners need support
Five reasons why attacking the EU carbon market is economic self-sabotage
When discussing the EU emissions trading system, policymakers should remember five risks of undermining the system
How will the Iran conflict hit European energy markets?
Policymakers should plan for a potentially prolonged standoff in the Middle East, while doubling down – not backtracking – on the energy transition
Energy
Explore Bruegel's work on the energy transition.
Read morePodcasts
Future-proofing and creative destruction
How EU sustainable finance can find a way forward
Europe’s electric vehicle conundrum
What to do about Chinese overcapacity, EU subsidies and the electric transition
Nature as equity
How can public money and financial markets work together to protect the environment?
How can carbon credits work better?
New ideas on reaching climate targets as COP30 gets underway