The proposed European Defence Mechanism: questions and answers
Answering ten questions on the proposed EDM
Climate change could trigger debt crises, with adaptation providing only partial relief
Climate change is likely to significantly undermine sovereign debt sustainability, especially from the mid-2040s
The quickly fading memory of why and when bank capital is important
Deregulation should not be equated with lowering capital requirements in the EU
Ending European Union imports of Russian uranium
Continuing to do business with Rosatom, the company responsible for the commercial relationship on uranium with the EU, raises four issues
Tariffs
Trump's reciprocal tariffs stoke fears that a Mar-a-Lago Accord could be next
A US trade policy that goes against common sense has stoked fears that US debt restructuring could come next
The European Union should form an international open trade coalition in response to Trump’s tariffs
A formal commitment to open rules-based trade by the EU and likeminded countries is essential to respond to today’s dangerous new trade reality
Trump’s tariffs need a strategic response from the EU and others
The EU should seek allies as part of a strategy on US tariffs, and should not get sucked into US decoupling from China
More EU debt issuance would be the best response to Trump’s tariffs
The European Union should think strategically and seize the opportunity to fill the void created by Trump
Trump’s tariffs and the EU
How should the EU respond to the US tariffs?
EU targeting of digital services in tariff retaliation would present challenges
The European Union lacks an instrument to unpick cross-border transactions on US digital platforms
Five reasons why Europe must retaliate against Trump’s tariffs
Europe did not choose and has no interest in this trade war but cannot tolerate tariffs with no response
How the European Union should respond to Trump’s tariffs
This Policy Brief focuses on possible new Trump tariffs, based on statements made by the President-elect
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The governance and funding of European rearmament
Europe must accelerate rearmament through deeper cooperation and innovative governance to counter Russia’s aggression and shifting US policies
Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed
Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression
Reinforcing EU merger control against the risks of acquisitions by big tech
The burden of proving that a merger is not anti-competitive should be shifted onto gatekeepers
Europe urgently needs a common strategy on Russian gas
An uncoordinated approach threatens EU energy security and the green transition
Sustainability rules are not a block on EU defence financing, but reputational fears are
To mobilise private capital for weapons, the European Commission should clarify the status of defence investing in its sustainable finance framework
China
Bruegel regularly publishes research on China's relationship with the EU and the wider world
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