Trade policy

The European Union’s external imbalances: past, future and policy

Europe’s rising external surplus now rivals China’s, reflecting weak investment and growing surpluses, pointing to a need for pro-investment reforms

Zsolt Darvas, Costanza Greppi Maturana, Alexandre Mendonça, Camille Reverdy, Bo Sangers and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

The new global imbalances: why care, why now and what should be done?

This essay analyses the causes of, and remedies for, external imbalances, and what countries should do if they do not decline

Beatrice Weder di Mauro and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

Why are global imbalances rising, and why does it matter?

Is the dollar at risk? Is China the new Germany? How to manage rising external deficits and surpluses

Rebecca Christie, Beatrice Weder di Mauro and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

Without freedom of navigation there is no globalization

Alicia García-Herrero

Could a Hormuz toll solve the oil crisis and who pays?

With a return to the pre-Iran conflict energy status quo unlikely, a Hormuz toll may be the next best option – but Gulf states would pay the most

Guntram B. Wolff

The EU–India deal is not enough. India needs investment – now

Alicia García-Herrero

Europe’s electric vehicle conundrum

What to do about Chinese overcapacity, EU subsidies and the electric transition

Rebecca Christie, Ugnė Keliauskaitė, Antoine Mathieu Collin and Ben McWilliams

Europe Is Stuck With America

Jacob Funk Kirkegaard

EU policy on the World Trade Organization in the wake of the March Ministerial

Despite stalled WTO talks, the EU should persevere with like-minded economies on new agreements and common global trade rules

Ignacio García Bercero

The European Union is exporting carbon pricing through trade

Early experience of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism shows trade can spread carbon pricing, but lower-income partners need support

Maximilian Fuchs and Camille Reverdy

Europe’s dependence on US foreign military sales: evidence for policy makers from a new database

Juan Mejino-López and Guntram B. Wolff

Carbon pricing beyond borders: assessing climate policy spillovers from the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism

EU CBAM is nudging trade-exposed partners towards carbon pricing, but spillovers are concentrated in high and upper middle-income countries

Anna Bahí, Maximilian Fuchs and Camille Reverdy

To what extent can the EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism spur global climate action?

Maximilian Fuchs and Camille Reverdy

What the war in Iran means for China

China is relatively inured to the Iran conflict, but less external demand could hit its exports and its international partnerships may be undermined

Alicia García-Herrero