How DeepSeek has changed artificial intelligence and what it means for Europe

This Policy Brief analyses innovations in AI models over the past half year and examines the economic implications for AI companies and policymakers

European natural gas imports

This dataset aggregates daily data on European natural gas import flows and storage levels.

Pitfalls to avoid as the EU ramps up defence investment

European Union security requires both investment in defence and decisive steps in innovation and research

The problem of missing European public goods from the ReArm Europe plan

Focusing on defence financing and delivery at national level risks fiscally weaker countries not increasing spending or running up unsustainable debts

Real effective exchange rates for 178 countries

Using alternative data sources for exchange rates and consumer prices, we calculate REER for 177 countries monthly and 178 countries annually

How can the EU strengthen its merger control against the risks presented by Big Tech’s small firm acquisitions?

Sustainability rules are not a block on EU defence financing, but reputational fears are

To mobilise private capital for weapons, the European Commission should clarify the status of defence investing in its sustainable finance framework

Russian foreign trade tracker

Tracking Russian trade using data from the EU, China, the US, South Korea, Japan, India, the UK, Turkey, Switzerland, Norway, Brazil and Kazakhstan

Reinforcing EU merger control against the risks of acquisitions by big tech

The burden of proving that a merger is not anti-competitive should be shifted onto gatekeepers