Working Papers
Papers with extensive research content
Working Papers present policy-relevant economic research. They normally include technical analysis, and do not have a pre-set limit on length.
Recent Working Papers
“一带一路”战略如何促进中欧贸易?
2013年9月中国习近平主席提出“一带一路”重大倡议,得到国际社会的高度关注。虽然各界对于“一带一路”倡议的最终目标的解释层出不穷,但有一点是毋庸置疑的,那就是通过基础设施升级和贸易便利化,来加强地区间和国际间的连接性,这个巨大的地理区域涵盖了超过60个国家,约占世界人口比重的60%和全球GDP总
Republishing and referencing policy
Bruegel publications can be freely republished and quoted according to the Creative Commons licence CC BY-ND 4.0. Please provide a full reference, clearly stating the relevant author and including a prominent hyperlink to the original post on Bruegel’s website. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the author(s) or Bruegel endorse you or your use. Any reproduction must be unaltered and in the original language.
For any alteration (for example, translation), please contact us at [email protected]. Publication of altered content (for example, translated content) is allowed only with Bruegel’s explicit written approval.
Bruegel takes no institutional standpoint. All views expressed are the researchers’ own.
Working paper
16 April 2026
The European Union’s external imbalances: past, future and policy
Europe’s rising external surplus now rivals China’s, reflecting weak investment and growing surpluses, pointing to a need for pro-investment reforms
Working paper
09 April 2026
Debt sustainability in Japan and the case for a fiscal council
Rising rates are testing Japan’s fiscal framework, with debt dynamics hinging on growth and pointing to the need for adjustment and a fiscal council
Working paper
26 March 2026
Carbon pricing beyond borders: assessing climate policy spillovers from the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism
EU CBAM is nudging trade-exposed partners towards carbon pricing, but spillovers are concentrated in high and upper middle-income countries
Working paper
18 March 2026
Investing for tomorrow: long-term investment, economic scale and the green transition
Climate mitigation investment increases with long horizons, economic scale and investor diversity, underscoring long-term capital and climate clubs
Working paper
10 March 2026
Tackling India's jobs plight: underutilised levers and lessons from China
This paper contrasts the development trajectories of these two economies and identifies several underutilised jobs-growth levers in India
Working paper
18 February 2026
Europeans should be allowed to trade personal data
Well-designed data markets could curb gatekeeper power, protect privacy and pay users for sharing data, while preserving ad-supported digital services
Working paper
28 January 2026
Growth without profits: how will ‘involution’ in China end?
China’s involution drives price wars and misallocation as even laggards slash prices, propping up zombie firms and stoking trade tensions
Working paper
19 December 2025
The Western Balkan energy sector: between Russia, the European Union and the green transition
This paper analyses energy transitions in the Western Balkans, away from dependence on Russia and towards the EU electricity market
Working paper
18 December 2025
How resilient is Russia’s economy after four years of war?
Resilience in Russia’s 2022–25 economy is fading as war spending slows growth, entrenches inflation and amplifies structural fragilities
Working paper
11 December 2025
The European Union and the war in Ukraine: more money, but not more Europe
This Working Paper analyses the drivers of rearmament and especially military aid to Ukraine
Working paper
02 December 2025
The challenge of AI encroachment into online search and advertising
AI-driven answers erode search engine dominance and highlight the need for new strategies to promote competition in digital markets
Working paper
27 November 2025
Shifting priorities, slow progress: an analysis of EU tax recommendations
EU tax advice has broadened to new objectives, yet uneven implementation highlights the limits of soft coordination
Working paper
20 November 2025
What will it take to stabilise debt in advanced countries?
Debt can be stabilised across advanced economies yet many face sizeable fiscal adjustments and rising vulnerability to market shifts
Working paper
07 November 2025
Understanding US foreign military sales globally since 2008: an analysis of a new dataset
The paper presents a new dataset of all US Foreign Military Sales since 2008 and analyses global trends in volumes and equipment types
Working paper
30 October 2025
Gender wealth inequality in the European Union: a distributional perspective
Analysis of single women and men in Europe reveals persistent gender wealth gaps and differing patterns across countries
Working paper
27 October 2025
Tariffs, deals and multilateral ideals: can the World Trade Organization survive?
The Trump administration’s trade policy accelerates the WTO’s decline and challenges global trade governance