European governance
Explore architectural issues facing the European Union that will fuel the policy debate for the coming years.
COVID-19 will continue to affect all aspects of our lives and by extension the economy. This resulted in a continuation of major policy measures both at EU and member-state levels to manage the health and economic crises.
At European level, the Next Generation EU programme has radically changed the way the EU finances itself, interacts with financial markets and supports national recoveries. In late April, countries began submitting their Recovery and Resilience Plans. Bruegel scholars monitor the national plans as they were submitted, providing a comprehensive dataset and a series of analyses throughout the year.
Recently published and updated
When oil is scarce and debt is binding: policy sequencing under a severe energy supply shock
With inflation still binding and fiscal space thin, the 2026 Iran shock revives the case for pre-committed, conditional yield anchors with clear exit
Europe’s economic outlook: managing short-term shocks is no longer enough
Defence innovation and procurement reform: an empirical evaluation of the US Defense Innovation Unit
The flaws in the European Union’s proposed Industrial Accelerator Act and how to fix them
IAA provisions should rest on clear sector choices, WTO-safe criteria and FDI screening that welcomes value-adding investment
A new strategy to contain stablecoin risks in the European Union
EU reluctance on stablecoins may backfire as US-backed dollar tokens spread, pushing demand offshore and importing dollar risks into Europe
Where Hungary’s money went — and where a Tisza government could move
Ragnar Nurkse and the Making of the Bretton Woods Paradigm
An intellectual biography and analysis of how a little-known Estonian economist developed the authoritative account of the Bretton Woods paradigm
Upcoming events
National pension reforms: what has worked and what hasn’t?
How to design transformational national reforms?