Banking and capital markets

Memo to the commissioner responsible for economic and financial affairs

Memo to the commissioner responsible for financial services

The European Central Bank’s operational framework and what it is missing

This paper attempts to fill in the gaps in the European Central Bank's framework review

On the digital euro holding limits

The plan for a retail digital euro holding limit, combined with a ‘waterfall approach’ to smooth transactions, sets up an apparent clash of objectives

The European Investment Bank can afford to take more risks

Significant reserves built up through decades of profit-making should enable the bank to absorb volatility of riskier investments

EU securitisation push needs markets, not housing guarantees

Scale and liquidity are two challenges that remain in the pursuit of EU securitisation

Europe’s Banking union at ten: unfinished yet transformative

Nicolas Véron offers the first comprehensive exploration of the genesis, implementation and possible future completion of the banking union

Latest financial supervisory reform diverts China from the path towards a market-based financial system

EU savers need a single-market place to invest

Proposals to leverage the single market to boost retail investment could lead to a product citizens will trust

Climate change, the next big financial threat

A warming planet poses new risks to European sovereign debt. How can the continent protect itself?