How have sanctions impacted Russia?

In this paper we assess both the immediate economic impact and the likely longer-term impact of sanctions on the Russian economy.

How European Union energy policies could mitigate the coming recession

The European Union faces recession, but the way in which policymakers manage the energy crisis will determine its depth and duration.

European natural gas demand tracker

Does the European Union need an energy crisis fund?

An EU energy fund is justified, but for different reasons than commonly assumed, with implications for the fund’s design.

A grand bargain to steer through the European Union’s energy crisis

The current crisis looks set to leave behind it a radically different system, but what that system will look like remains an open question

What role for China in the global refining crunch?

Despite high prices, China’s substantial spare oil refining capacity remains restricted.

The role of competition in the transition to climate neutrality

The transition to climate neutrality requires the reallocation of production factors from polluting activities to non-polluting activities.

European Union countries’ recovery and resilience plans