Defence

Pitfalls to avoid as the EU ramps up defence investment

European Union security requires both investment in defence and decisive steps in innovation and research

Philippe Aghion, Marco Buti, Giancarlo Corsetti, Marcello Messori and André Sapir

The problem of missing European public goods from the ReArm Europe plan

Focusing on defence financing and delivery at national level risks fiscally weaker countries not increasing spending or running up unsustainable debts

Roel Beetsma, Marco Buti and Francesco Nicoli

Sustainability rules are not a block on EU defence financing, but reputational fears are

To mobilise private capital for weapons, the European Commission should clarify the status of defence investing in its sustainable finance framework

Silvia Merler

Ukraine: European democracy’s affordable arsenal

A future enlarged EU, including Ukraine, should take full advantage of the lower-cost military production capabilities of Ukraine

Jacob Funk Kirkegaard

The choices Europe must make to secure its future

Europe at a crossroads: security, strategy, and the future of Ukraine

Rebecca Christie, Heather Grabbe and Guntram B. Wolff

Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed

Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression

Alexandr Burilkov and Guntram B. Wolff

No Power Struggle at the EU’s Security Table for Two

Rebecca Christie

Boosting the European Defence Industry in a Hostile World

Juan Mejino-López and Guntram B. Wolff

Updated assessment: Memo to the commissioner responsible for defence

Guntram B. Wolff

The US defence industrial base can no longer reliably supply Europe

Europe has long relied on US weapons but the US military industrial base faces constraints and its production may be redirected elsewhere

Alexandr Burilkov, Juan Mejino-López and Guntram B. Wolff

A European defence industrial strategy in a hostile world

Any strategy will need to take account of evolving Russian capacities, evolving political willingness and evolving defence industrial capacities

Juan Mejino-López and Guntram B. Wolff

Europe stands increasingly alone on defence production and needs to act

Europe must rebuild its defence industry; reliance on the US is no longer tenable, whatever the outcome of the US presidential election

Alexandr Burilkov and Guntram B. Wolff

Should the European Union’s fiscal rules bend to accommodate the defence transition?

EU debt rules should not be changed to exempt increased defence spending, but some flexibility could be considered

Lucio Pench

Less complacency, more investment: a European defence procurement strategy would be cheaper

It is time for decision-makers to consider bold steps to strengthen European defence

Guntram B. Wolff

Financing European air defence through European Union debt

In this paper, we propose the creation of an EU funding mechanism to internalise the positive externalities provided by national air-defence systems

Armin Steinbach and Guntram B. Wolff