Longer-term fiscal challenges facing the EU

Real effective exchange rates for 178 countries

Using alternative data sources for exchange rates and consumer prices, we calculate REER for 177 countries monthly and 178 countries annually

Performance and mainstreaming framework for the EU budget - Empirical evidence, analysis and recommendations

Is Europe ready for the challenges of 2025 and beyond?

What enlargement could imply for the European Union’s budget

The entry of nine new countries into the EU would impact the EU budget modestly while boosting national revenues for current members