The ECB as part of an imperfect architecture

On the digital euro holding limits

The plan for a retail digital euro holding limit, combined with a ‘waterfall approach’ to smooth transactions, sets up an apparent clash of objectives

The state of financial knowledge in the European Union: a new survey

What can central banks do to take the Paris Agreement seriously?

Central banks should take a macro approach to managing system-wide risks stemming from the climate transition

The European Central Bank’s operational framework and what it is missing

This paper attempts to fill in the gaps in the European Central Bank's framework review