Demography at a turning point: growth, talent and the future of societies

As demographic transitions accelerate across Europe and, especially, throughout the developing world, the implications for economic growth, labour markets and social equality are becoming increasingly urgent. The discussion examined the profound shifts in fertility and ageing, the emerging competition for global talent, cross-border investment, and the political economy of adapting to demographic pressures. This event brought together Bruegel’s latest research with insights from the EBRD’s Transition Report 2025: Brave Old World, on the topics of demographics, pensions, social equality, and long-term economic resilience. How are these demographic forces reshaping Europe? And what can be done to navigate these challenges?