Ukraine

Ukraine: European democracy’s affordable arsenal

A future enlarged EU, including Ukraine, should take full advantage of the lower-cost military production capabilities of Ukraine

The choices Europe must make to secure its future

Europe at a crossroads: security, strategy, and the future of Ukraine

Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed

Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression

How can the EU affordably rearm itself?

Can American abandonment help Europe?

The continent has a chance to address its own weaknesses

The US defence industrial base can no longer reliably supply Europe

Europe has long relied on US weapons but the US military industrial base faces constraints and its production may be redirected elsewhere

A European defence industrial strategy in a hostile world

Any strategy will need to take account of evolving Russian capacities, evolving political willingness and evolving defence industrial capacities

Europe stands increasingly alone on defence production and needs to act

Europe must rebuild its defence industry; reliance on the US is no longer tenable, whatever the outcome of the US presidential election

Why is the G7 pledge to loan Ukraine $50 billion by the end of 2024 so important?

The end of Russian gas transit via Ukraine and options for the EU

The EU should seek a common position on the upcoming end to the contract governing Russian gas transit through Ukraine

Less complacency, more investment: a European defence procurement strategy would be cheaper

It is time for decision-makers to consider bold steps to strengthen European defence

Has Hungarian obstructionism triggered greater EU fiscal integration?

Viktor Orban, by delaying EU aid to Ukraine, may have inadvertently helped make the case for more EU fiscal federalism

Financing European air defence through European Union debt

In this paper, we propose the creation of an EU funding mechanism to internalise the positive externalities provided by national air-defence systems

Fit for war in decades: sluggish German rearmament versus surging Russian defence production

It will take Germany, and Europe more generally, decades to match current Russian volumes of weapons production

Memo to the commissioner responsible for defence

What role do imports play in European defence?

The European Union wants to reduce reliance on imported defence equipment, but the reliance seems to be overstated