Pitfalls to avoid as the EU ramps up defence investment
European Union security requires both investment in defence and decisive steps in innovation and research
Geopolitics and fines for breaches of the EU’s Digital Markets Act
It would make no sense for the European Commission to back down from DMA fines in the face of US pressure
Sustainability rules are not a block on EU defence financing, but reputational fears are
To mobilise private capital for weapons, the European Commission should clarify the status of defence investing in its sustainable finance framework
The problem of missing European public goods from the ReArm Europe plan
Focusing on defence financing and delivery at national level risks fiscally weaker countries not increasing spending or running up unsustainable debts
Reinforcing EU merger control against the risks of acquisitions by big tech
The burden of proving that a merger is not anti-competitive should be shifted onto gatekeepers
Ukraine: European democracy’s affordable arsenal
A future enlarged EU, including Ukraine, should take full advantage of the lower-cost military production capabilities of Ukraine
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Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed
Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression
Will China’s economy follow the same path as Japan’s?
Since the 2021 bursting of its real-estate bubble, worries have grown that China's future economic trajectory will mirror that of Japan in the 1990s
'Reciprocal' tariffs: what's in a word?
Trump's definition does not reflect reciprocity as applied in past multilateral trade negotiations or in equality of tariffs
Gender diversity and economic growth
The gains from gender inclusiveness are likely to be much larger than standard economic models estimate
Europeans still want climate action, but don't trust governments to deliver
Despite recent election results, underlying concern about climate change has not changed significantly
Ireland’s journey from crisis to confidence
China
Bruegel regularly publishes research on China's relationship with the EU and the wider world
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