A planned code of practice would reinforce the EU’s artificial intelligence copyright problem
The European Union is continuing to unnecessarily restrict access to copyright-protected content for AI model training
Beyond the short-term emergency, the EU must think about the broader implications of defence integration
More integrated EU defence policy implies greater foreign-policy integration and a larger role for the European Parliament to provide accountability
How DeepSeek has changed artificial intelligence and what it means for Europe
This Policy Brief analyses innovations in AI models over the past half year and examines the economic implications for AI companies and policymakers
Pitfalls to avoid as the EU ramps up defence investment
European Union security requires both investment in defence and decisive steps in innovation and research
Geopolitics and fines for breaches of the EU’s Digital Markets Act
It would make no sense for the European Commission to back down from DMA fines in the face of US pressure
The problem of missing European public goods from the ReArm Europe plan
Focusing on defence financing and delivery at national level risks fiscally weaker countries not increasing spending or running up unsustainable debts
Bruegel's 20th anniversary
In 2025 Bruegel celebrates its 20th Anniversary with a series of events and activities.
See what we have plannedIn case you missed it
Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed
Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression
Will China’s economy follow the same path as Japan’s?
Since the 2021 bursting of its real-estate bubble, worries have grown that China's future economic trajectory will mirror that of Japan in the 1990s
'Reciprocal' tariffs: what's in a word?
Trump's definition does not reflect reciprocity as applied in past multilateral trade negotiations or in equality of tariffs
Gender diversity and economic growth
The gains from gender inclusiveness are likely to be much larger than standard economic models estimate
Europeans still want climate action, but don't trust governments to deliver
Despite recent election results, underlying concern about climate change has not changed significantly
Ireland’s journey from crisis to confidence
China
Bruegel regularly publishes research on China's relationship with the EU and the wider world
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