

Europe should innovate on defence, play it safe on debt
Strengthening existing safe assets should be a strategic priority for any new joint borrowing

European companies operating in China: from digging in to rethinking their presence
EU firms in China face low profits, rising pressure and reduced expansion, prompting strategy shifts and calls for stronger EU support

Nature markets: how can credits and shares provide durable, additional finance?
Nature markets can boost conservation funding, but strong standards and public support are vital for lasting, equitable ecological benefits

Greening global industry: clean energy, trade and development
How to accelerate European green transition while cooperating with the Global South

Towards an EU-China non-summit?
The EU-China relationship is caught in a cycle of disgruntlement – and it doesn’t appear to be getting any better

Relaunching Europe's space economy
This book analyses the scope for the European Union to become a leader on innovation, sustainability, resilience and security in the space sector

When Greece was on the brink of euro exit: disaster averted, lessons learned
There are good arguments for greater European integration, but it must be built on trust, not spun out of crisis

Can defence investment be sustainable? The European Commission thinks so
European Commission guidance on defence investment and sustainability could ease reputational concerns for investors

Annual Report 2024
Delve into the biggest economic trends of the past year, as seen through the lens of Bruegel's research programme
Read Bruegel's Annual Report 2024
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Sovereigns on thinning ice: debt sustainability, climate impacts and adaptation

What Europe must learn from China’s ascent in critical technologies

How can Europe’s nuclear deterrence trilemma be resolved?
Uncertainty over U.S. nuclear support is forcing Europe to choose between vulnerability, shared deterrence or nuclear proliferation

Boosting EU budget revenues with a defence spending shortfall levy
The European Union’s defence spending laggards could be asked to pay more into the common budget

How much research talent could Europe grab from the US?
Up to a fifth of researchers in top US universities have previously studied in Europe; they might be persuaded to return

Full throttle or brake? A smart strategy for Chinese EV investments in Europe
Is Europe ready to balance opportunity and risk as Chinese investment accelerates in its EV and battery sectors?

Green intersections: the global embedding of climate change in policy

Digital euro: why now and what's next
ECB’s Cipollone and Spain’s Hernández de Cos talk timing and strategic arguments for a new Central Bank Digital Currency
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